Friday Night Lights - Just Read It ! :: friday

Friday Night Lights - Just Read It ! Meat head, dumb jock. These are just two of the many derogatory labels given to football players. Is it possible for me, a meat head, to hear the criticisms dealt to the sport of football? Is it possible for me, a dumb football jock, to understand and be objective about the issues raised in the book, Friday Night Lights? Yes, because I'm not the stereotypical football player like those described of Odessa, Texas. The football players in Odessa were generally a wild party crowd. It was typical that late in the fourth quarter, when the game was in the bag, the players would begin talking on the sidelines about what parties they were going to after the game, what girls they were going to try to pick up, and laughing about how drunk they were going to get. They cared nothing for academics. The senior star running back, Boobie Miles, was taking a math course that most students took as freshmen. Many of the senior players' schedules consisted of nothing but electives. For the Oddesa footbal players, school was nothing more than a social get-to-gether, served up to them as a chance to flirt with girls and hand out with their friends. They knew that their performance in class didn't matter; the teacher would provide the needed grade to stay on the team. It wasn't uncommon for players to receive answer keys for a test or simply to be exempt from taking the test at all. Some didn't know how they would cope without football after the season was over. They ate, drank, and slept it. On the whole, these 16 and 17-year-old boys' identity was wrapped up in a pigskin. The Odessa football players couldn't be objective about criticisms of football. Their total self-esteem depended on how they did on Friday night. This was the glorified culmination of their football career: wearing the black MoJo uniform in the stadium under the big lights. Football was more than just a game to them; it was a religion. It "made them seem like boys going off to fight a war for the benefit of someone else, unwitting sacrifices to a strange and powerful god" (Bissinger, p.11). Because football was so meaningful in their lives, to criticize it was to criticize everything they'd worked so hard for and lived for.

Company specific problems that lead to the failure of the implementation Essay

Internal constraints that lead failure in implementing the BSC system in Tian-an Car Insurance Company were brought out when the following research question was posed: â€Å"Why did you stop to use it, is there any disadvantages you can find? † Following is a raft of company specific difficulties that the company faced during implementation as per the responses of managers S, H, F and O. †¢ An excess of indicators: poor design of the BSC resulted to so many â€Å"indicators† that others were left unaccounted for. †¢ Due to inability to synchronize available resources with demand the company could not sufficiently satisfy the requirements of all the four perspectives. That is why one manager said:† We can not spend too much time on customers and employees’ investigation. † †¢ The fear that questionnaire data collected by company employees from clients would be biased and not the true picture of the BSC perspective â€Å"how our Customers view us. † †¢ A completed balanced scorecard model for the business took too long. †¢ Expectation of Instant results: â€Å"The agent told us that it need spend some time to see the effect, I think BSC can not help in short-run decision making. † A manager said. The BSC is a performance measurement system that directs decision makers toward long-term value creating activities. It is not meant be a measure of dealing with emergencies. †¢ The problem of size: â€Å"our branch is not large enough, so the advantages were not clearly identified† Said F. â€Å"Comparing benefits against costs (to the agent fee), there was no â€Å"good value for money. † A unified approach would have given better results. The company has eight branches! †¢ Resistance: â€Å"I found that there were many complaints from our employees. Someone felt it waste their time to response each indicator† said H. A change management process would have sufficed. †¢ SBC used as a control tool: management’s lack of knowledge on how to use the BSC led to strictly following â€Å"targets†, and decreasing staff bonuses. This made â€Å"others to doubt their ability† and increased complaints. This was a case of managing staff instead of managing processes. †¢ After applying the BSC manager O could not fins any noticeable â€Å"good performance in the period† 4. 3. 8. Communication is the life blood of a successful BSC system: That poor communication contributed to the failure to implement the BSC system in Tian-an Car Insurance Company is revealed by responses obtained from the question: â€Å"Do the managers and employees communicate regularly? † The Car insurance sales manager (S) said: â€Å"Not really, because our employees are really busy. But we have employees’ meeting in each Wednesday, we could communicate at that time. † The Car insurance financial manager (F) said: No, unless at employees’ meeting, but I just report some targets and requires. Comments will not be reflected to me. † While the Human resources manager (H) said: â€Å"Yes, I communicate with employees regularly and they will have some complaints and suggestions. † This finding suggests that the communications structure in this company is flawed. It could just be that the company has a top-bottom but no bottom up, horizontal and diagonal communication. Additionally it is evident that complaints are only directed towards the human resource manager. 4. 3. 9. Tian-an Car Insurance Company management have no regrets and would consider implementing the system if given a second chance: The whole rounded nature of the BSC serves as an eye opener to any one who gets a chance to experience it. When a manager was asked: â€Å"After you quitted using the BSC, have you tried other performance measurement systems? † He answered: â€Å"No, I think BSC [introduced us to the world of] performance measurement systems. Our employees have increased their knowledge about management performance and when our company becomes large enough, we will consider using it again. † 4. 3. 10. Lessons Learnt: To appreciate the impact of implementing the BSC, Tian-an Car Insurance Company managers gave a raft of lessons learnt that shows the true extend of their new understanding of performance measurement. This was in response to the following question: â€Å"Any possible suggestions for using the balanced scorecard in your branch? † †¢ The Car insurance sales manager (S) said that: â€Å"I think each level of a company should understand their Key Performance Indicators and Targets. The training of balanced scorecard should not be neglected. †¢ Company Car insurance financial manager (F) responded: â€Å"Key Performance Indicators and Targets should be set properly† †¢ The Human resources manager (H) advised: â€Å"I think [a good] training on the balanced scorecard is more important than the other [aspects of the system]. Companies should let their employees understand the whole [BSC] process first. They should [establish] a feedback [feature to facilitate communication from all directions] so that management and employees can discuss and adjust the targets immediately. † A proper appraisal mechanism should also be in place. † The above lessons learnt are excellent and are important ingredients for best practices in the implementation of the BSC system in any company. 4. 4. Conclusion What you measure is what you get. (Kaplan and Norton 1992) Effective managers understand that performance measurement systems that focus on only one aspect like finance and production are not good enough. They realize that no single measure can provide a clear performance target or focus attention on the critical areas of the business. The balanced score card allows managers to look at the business from four important perspectives: the customer, internal, innovation and learning and financial perspectives. This checks the company from having too many or too few measures. It is a superior system. It is recommended that the Tian-an car insurance company adopts the balanced Score Card system. Tian-an Car Insurance Company structure. References: Francesco, A. M. , and Gold, B. A. (2005) International Organizational Behavior Pearson Education Inc. One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ USA. Kaplan, R. , S. , Norton, David, P. , (1992). ‘The Balanced Score Card – Measures that Drive Performance’, Harvard Business Review, and Reprint 92105.

Eliezer Wiesels Relationships - 1270 Words

Elie Wiesel was a young boy, when his life changed drastically. He was born in Sighet, Transylvania, which is now Romania. He was born to Shlomo and Sarah, which they had four children, Hilda, Bea, Tsiporah, and Eliezer. Wiesel and his family practiced the Jewish religion, before he was forced into the concentration camps. In the novel Night, Elie Wiesel had a strong belief in God. When Elie and his family were sent off to the concentration camps, he tested his belief in God. In the novel Night, â€Å"Wiesels childhood faith in the goodness and promise of God was forever shattered when as a young boy he was deported along with his family from their native Transylvania to Auschwitz. Arriving at Auschwitz Wiesel learned what Dostoevsky in†¦show more content†¦He was taken away on a train and witness, children and adults being beaten and dehumanized. Moche the Beatle told everyone in the ghetto his story but no one believed him. They all questioned how he escaped and returned back to the ghetto. As time went on the SS officers came and took over the ghettos, and everyone was speechless. Elie had witnessed children his age and adults being tortured, beaten, and killed. In the novel, Elie viewed, â€Å"Not far from us, flames were leaping up from a ditch, gigantic flames. They were burning something. A lorry drew up at the pit and delivered it load, little children. Babies! Yes, I saw it, saw it with my own eyes. . . those children in the flames† (Wiesel 41). During the novel, Night, Elie tries to understand the meaning of why God would want humans to treat other humans in this manner. For example, â€Å"When the narrator, Eliezer, sees a lorry filled with children who are dumped into a fiery ditch, he cannot believe what he has seen: â€Å"I pinched my face. Was I alive? Was I awake? I could not believe it. How could it be possible for them to burn people, children, and for the world to keep silent? No, none of this could be true. It was a nightmare† (Hamaoui). Wiesel was living in a nightmare; he could not get out of. He is in a state of shock that he cannot believe this is happening. In the novel, â€Å"Eliezer cannot believe what is before his eyes. His disbelief seems to numbShow MoreRelatedNight by Elie Wiesel646 Words   |  3 PagesTen years after WWII, Elie Wiesel’s novel Night was published in 1955. Night describes â€Å"his memories of life inside four different Nazi death camps,† as he was one of the few Jews to survive the Holocaust during WWII (Sanderson). Wiesel’s autobiographical novel makes him â€Å"the best-known contemporary Holocaust writer and novelist,† and reveals the impact of the concentration camps on humanity and for the individual (Sibelman).As a negative Bildungsroman, Night depicts â€Å"a coming of age story in whichRead MoreRelationship between Father and Son in Elie Wiesels Night972 Words   |  4 PagesElie Wiesels Night: Fathers and sons Over the course of Elie Wiesels novel Night, the protagonist Eliezer gradually begins to lose his faith in God. He sinks deeper and deeper into the evils of the Holocaust, first in the ghetto, then in the Nazi concentration camp. As Eliezers views on religion begin to change, so does his relationship with his father. He begins the novel still a young boy, and regards his father as powerful and full of strength. Gradually, he is stripped of his boyhood illusionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Eliezer Wiesel s Night1480 Words   |  6 PagesEliezer Wiesel is a Nobel-Prize winning writer, teacher and activist known for the novel Night, in which he recounts his experiences surviving the Holocaust. After he was freed from Buchenwald in 1945, Wiesel went on to study at the Sorbonne in France from 1948-1951 and took up journalism, writing for the French and the Israeli publications. His friend, Francois Mauriac encouraged him to write about his experiences in the camps; Wiesel then published in Yiddi sh the memoir And the World Would RemainRead MoreNight, By Elie Wiesel1083 Words   |  5 Pagesmonstrosities that went on during this time. In the 1960 novel, Night, Elie Wiesel utilizes several literary devices, including the symbology of nighttime, motif of religious practices, and theme of father-son relationships, in order to emphasize the atrocities of the Holocaust specifically for Jews. Wiesel’s first hand experience in concentration camps allows for a vivid retelling of what many people had to endure. The symbolic portrayal of the nighttime helps to add a deeper meaning to the text. The titleRead MoreDehumanization1208 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dehumanizing Effects of Trauma in Elie Wiesel’s â€Å"Night† In the memoir â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel, experiences of trauma and dehumanization are vividly portrayed. This text explores the idea that dehumanization is (quite often) a result of trauma as it can cause a sense of detachment between the perpetrator and the victim. Perpetrators are led to feel as if they are causing harm towards insignificant or inanimate objects rather than towards other human beings while victims are made to feel as ifRead MoreFather Son Relationship In The Novel Night831 Words   |  4 Pagesfather-son relationship in the text is a strength? In the novel Night, Elie Wiesel is transparent and honest towards the audience about his father-son relationship experience in Auschwitz-Birkenau, one of Hitler’s concentration camps. Ellie Wiesel provides the reader with an insight of the incessantly instinctive unconditional loving bond of the father-son relationship between Eliezer and his father, which develops throughout the novel. Towards the beginning of the novel, the relationship between theRead MoreSilence, By Elie Wiesel1799 Words   |  8 PagesIn Night by Elie Wiesel, silence is a reoccurring theme that represents many aspects of Wiesel’s struggle during the most coldblooded massacre in the history of the world. Although silence may seem unimportant, Wiesel’s remarks about this theme symbolizes far more. He believes it is silence that allows the Nazis to takeover and begin the slaughtering. Wiesel emphasizes that silence is the only appropriate response to the Holocaust because the events that took place at Auschwitz have caused languageRead MoreAnalysis Of Eliezer Wiesels Novel Night920 Words   |  4 Pagesoptions: hard work or the crematorium. When Eliezer Wiesel’s father asks for the bathroom, he is beaten by the Kapo. A Kapo is a head prisoner: that is in charge of the other inmates. Eliezer is appalled at his own failure to defend his father from getting beat. Eliezer Wiesel is a famous Holocaust survivor, a political activist, professor, and a novelist. He is the recipient of many different accomplishments and achievements throughout his life. Eliezer was born on September 30, 1928; he lived inRead MoreAn Everlasting Relationship in Elie Wiesel ´s Night1237 Words   |  5 Pagesthan being hated by the Nazis for who they are. In Elie Wiesel’s memoir Night, he tells the petrifying experiences he suffered through that scarred him forever. Some things can never be unseen, and this was the case for Wiesel. If it were not for his father, his last bit of hope for life would have been shattered, and he would not have survived. As each horrifying event unfolds at the concentration camps, the true strength of the relationship between Elie Wiesel and his father shows and progressivelyRead MoreTheme Of Father And Son Relationships In Night By Elie Wiesel1212 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the major themes that can be found in Night, by Elie Wiesel, is one of father/son relationships. To quote a father from the book, Stein, â€Å"The only thing that keeps me alive is knowing that Reizel and the little ones are still alive.† Not all father/son relationships are as good however. Another part of the book reads, â€Å"I once saw. . . a boy of thirteen, beat his father for not making his bed properly. As the old man quietly wept, the boy was yelling, ‘If you don’t stop crying instantly, I

Aid to Africa A Review of the Efficacy of International...

Despite the hundreds of billions of dollars that have been poured into Sub-Saharan Africa over the past century in an effort to propel development, Africa remains by far the poorest continent in the world. Failure has arisen from the problematic nature of the administration of the aid. Traditionally, aid has come in the form of military aid, and large international financial transactions. Although these forms of aid have overall failing track records, targeted developmental assistance has been historically successful. In order to pull Africa out of poverty, the international community should focus on targeted developmental assistance. Military Aid Recent military conflicts have broken out all across northern Africa and the sub-Saharan†¦show more content†¦The conflict in Mali originated from ethnic tensions between the Northern Tuareg rebels, and the Southern Malians who had long controlled the country’s politics. The Tuaregs in collaboration with several Islamist extremist factions e.g. Ansar Al-Dine, Ansar Al-Sharia, and AQIM, formed the National Movement for the Liberation of the Azawad (MNLA), and seized control of Northern Mali. Once Northern Mali had been compromised, some Islamist extremist factions began implementing harsh Muslim Sharia Law. In response to this, the Tuaregs joined forces with the Malian army and the international coalition to retake Northern Mali. â€Å"France deployed a powerful military force in Mali...that easily pounded the separatist rebels and Islamist extremists into hasty retreat....By the end of January 2013 the military objectives of Operation Serval had been achieved† (Francis 6). Though the conflict in Northern Mali is far from over, the French intervention in Mali was decisively successful, showing that targeted military aid to counter extremist pressure can be an essential first step to stabilizing the region to allow economic and political development. But not all military aid has been so successful. In many cases, military aid has exacerbated instability by inadvertently empowering antagonistic factions. The Malian conflict was a spillover from a 2011 conflict in Libya. â€Å"As the U.S.-backed war in LibyaShow MoreRelatedSocial Awareness : Understanding The Emotions Of Other People ( What Others Are Thinking And Feeling )1258 Words   |  6 Pagesin local government. Broader Arena--Women’s representation in regional and national government; strength as a voting bloc; representation of women’s interests in effective lobbies and interest groups Psychological Household--Self-esteem; self-efficacy; psychological well-being. Community-- Collective awareness of injustice, potential of mobilization. Broader Arena--Women’s sense of inclusion and entitlement; systemic acceptance of women’s entitlement and inclusion Mechanism to improve politicalRead MoreRoll Back Malaria Essay2439 Words   |  10 PagesMalaria is an important public health disease endemic in over a hundred countries globally. About 90% of malaria deaths occur in Africa with a child dying every forty five seconds. Malaria accounts for 16% of child deaths in the Africa (Remme, Binka Nabarro 2001) and 7% of deaths in children worldwide (WHO 2010). It is a disease of poverty, causing significant constraint to the economic growth of susceptible nations (WHO 2010; Sachs, Malaney 2002). Globally, numerous malaria control programmesRead MoreMicrocredit: The Solution to Global Poverty Essay1914 Words   |  8 PagesDambisa Moyo, an international economist from Zambia, comments on foreign aid, stating that â€Å"aid is easy money† (Collier). If a person were to give a man in need a small sum of money, he is more likely to spend it on an indulgence rather than on an investment that will allow him to enjoy these expenses for lif e. An old Chinese proverb states: â€Å"Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.† This wise saying applies to the act of giving aid to impoverishedRead MoreEssay about The Science, Technology, and Ethics of HIV Vaccine Research4289 Words   |  18 PagesJoint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS indicated that the number of HIV-infected individuals increased 10 percent in the last year, bringing the number of people worldwide who are now carrying the virus to over 33 million. According to the report, half of these new infections were in people15 to 24 years old, and there were 11 new infections a minute. Sub-Saharan Africa reportedly accounts for two thirds of the infected population and about 12 million AIDS related deaths. There were 200,000Read MoreEducational Wastage: a Case Study of Upper Primary School Girl Dropouts in Otonglo Zone, Kisumu Municipality10149 Words   |  41 PagesFRAMEWORK 9 1.13. DEFINITION OF KEY TERMS 11 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 12 2.1. INTRODUCTION 12 2.2. THE CASE OF KENYA: ENROLMENT vs COMPLETION 12 2.3. SCHOOL BASED FACTORS 14 Sexual Harassment 14 Sanitation and Hygiene Conditions 15 Repetition 16 2.4. HOME BASED FACTORS 17 Sexual Harassment 17 Domestic Chores 17 Low Level of Education of Parent(s) 18 2.5. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FACTORS 18 The Effect of HIV/ AIDS Pandemic 18 Early Pregnancies and Early Marriage 21 Read MoreHousing Issues South Africa7704 Words   |  31 PagesARTICLE IN PRESS Habitat International 31 (2007) 291–302 www.elsevier.com/locate/habitatint Sustainable urban development? 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In the 1998 South African Demographic and Health Survey (SADHS), it was found that the total fertility rate has declined to an average of 2Read MoreRole of Media in Tourism9761 Words   |  40 PagesSustainable  Tourism  Industry  in  Africa               Author:  Wilson  Okaka  Ã‚   Lecturer  (Communications  and  Environment  Programmes)   Kyambogo  University  Kampala†(Uganda)   Telephones:  [Office:  256†414†3771775]  Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚  [Mobile:  256†078†2588846]   Email:  nupap2000@yahoo.com                  Paper  Presented  at  the  4th  International  Institute  of  Peace  through   Tourism  (IIPT)  African  Conference  on  Peace  through  Tourism  at   Educators’  Forum,  Uganda  (Kampala).                        Organized  by  the  International  Institute  for  Peace  through  Tourism  Read MoreTuberculosis : An Infectious Disease3017 Words   |  13 Pagesdisease.6 Although TB is present in all parts of the world, some areas face a higher burden than others. 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The Police, Their Policies, And Responses Of Juvenile...

1. Discuss the police, their policies, and responses to juvenile delinquency. Early policing originated in an early English society. This focused on the pledge system and eventually grew later into the watch system model. These policies differed in contrast due to the size of the environments. As times grew the watch model allowed for larger urban areas to have protection. This eventually led to delegated roles such as the integration of the constable who was tasked with serious crimes. In 1829 Sir Robert Peel created the first police department during the Industrial Revolution. However this proved to be ineffective at solving crimes due being influenced by the wealthy for personal political gain. During the 1800’s in the western world police would come in contact with delinquency and at this time, the resources which we currently have today were not at their disposal and as a result children were charged as though they were an adult. Despite the way juvenile delinquency was handled the text mentioned that there was a belief which the justice system needed to be handled differently for children. This concept was accepted in the later 19th century due the spike of homelessness and unemployment the Wickersham Commission of 1931 was published which aided in police reform. This soon led to specialized police units known as delinquency control squads. During the 60’s police had severed relations with the public and urban areas struggled with finding the money for delinquencyShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in Juvenile Justice System765 Words   |  4 PagesThe Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenil e Justice System James Francis Juvenile Delinquency American Military University Professor Robert Arruda The Role of Police, Courts and Department of Corrections in the Juvenile Justice System The juvenile justice system brings the juvenile delinquent in contact with the local police, the court system and if found guilty, the Department of Corrections. This paper will discuss the role of the police, the courts and theRead MoreRelationship Between Police Intervention And Juvenile Delinquency1459 Words   |  6 PagesStephanie A. Wiley and Finn-Aage Esbensen’s article (2016) research the relationship between police intervention and juvenile delinquency and what polices are ideal for deterring deviance amplification. There are two main theories that initiate America’s juvenile justice system: labeling and deterrence. Essentially, labeling proponents believe that official intervention increases delinquency and, oppositely, deterrence theorists argue that it cracks down on deviancy. Wiley et al. (2016:283) wantRead MoreJuvenile Crime And Juvenile Delinquency1322 Words   |  6 PagesVersion). Juvenile crime, in law, term denoting various offense committed by children or youth under the age of 18. U.S. official crime reported that in the mid-1900’s â€Å"about one-fifth of all persons arrested for crimes were under the age of 18† (Funk Wagnalls, 2014). Such acts are sometimes referred to as juvenile delinquency (Funk Wagnalls, 2014. 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There are some programs that can be implemented when trying to make a change in the juvenile system. The main thing is getting parents or the guardian more involved in the child’s whereabouts. Secondly the community where the youth will have a place to go and have something more constructive to do to keep them out of trouble. Law enforcementRead MoreJuvenile Deliquency in Ibadan, Nigeria15127 Words   |  61 PagesJUVENILE DELIQUENCY IN IBADAN, NIGERIA CHAPTER ONE 1.1 INTRODUCTION In the 1990s, juvenile delinquency has become a major global problem. The rising incidence of juvenile delinquency in many countries may be caused by certain socio-economic problems often associated with development. These includes; poverty, rapid population growth, unemployment, urbanization, industrialization, inadequate shelter and housing, youth unemployment, and under employment, breakdown of the family unit, inadequateRead MoreThe Impact Of Truant Behaviors In Schools1132 Words   |  5 PagesThose who are most impacted by SB 1317, are parents and other stakeholders such as, schools, juvenile justice system and law enforcement. SB 1317, states that the families of truant youth are now being held responsible when a child is chronically truant (California Legislative Information , 2009). Furthermore, to help reduce youth delinquency, drug use and other criminal activities which involve the juvenile justice system, schools are required to maintain efficient records of attendance ( U.S. DepartmentRead More African American Societys Influence2075 Words   |  9 Pagescomparisons and highlight distinctions about the meaning attached to youth violence, from the modern era to present day. Based on this meaning, we are able to understand the myriad of ways delinquent juveniles are affected by certain policies. Specifically, African Americans are over-represented in the juvenile justice system of Cook County, Chicago. Thus, they are a vulnerable population that is singled out by the system, and this further exacerbates and stigmatizes them. II. Historical Background:Read MoreCompassion Impacts Wayward Youth1619 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile court systems developed in Chicago based on the patriarchal premise that a tough compassionate judge could impact the lives of wayward youths. However, politicians changed this with â€Å"tough on crime† policies for election. Many juvenile criminals became labeled as â€Å"superpredators† and were thus deemed beyond any help and were tried as adults. Fortunately, not everyone in the criminal system believes that juvenile criminals are beyond help. Some of the people that believe that there isRead MoreJuvenile criminal gangs have long been a significant issue with the criminal justice establishment.1100 Words   |  5 PagesJuvenile criminal gangs have long been a significant issue with the criminal justice establishment. Youths coming together to commit criminal acts normally attributed to adult and more vicious criminal organizations are now being routinely com mitted by juveniles. The reasons for these youths in committing the activities have somewhat baffled author tries as well as scholars and researchers. It must be noted however, that juvenile delinquency is not new; laws in the past have sought to control the

Literature Justification for Blended/Reverse Instruction Free Essays

string(73) " term used in this study to refer to active engagement with the content\." The concept of a reversed classroom is a logical next step from discovering the benefits of more time on task, direct instruction, reduced lecture time, and modifying homework tasks. If teachers are to find time to increase time on task and direct instruction; and greater comprehension is shown from shorter lectures over longer ones; and if homework is more beneficial when it is reduced into manageable portions; then the best division of labor is to assign the short lecture as homework to give teachers that time in class actively engaged in the application of the lesson(s. Rigorous literature on the reversed classroom is still in its infancy, but literature on its various beneficial parts is offered here along with it. We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Justification for Blended/Reverse Instruction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Key terms: Blended instruction – teaching pedagogy that uses both virtual and face-to- face instruction. Reverse instruction – a classroom method that appoints the time for lecture material to an at home assignment, while completing practice material during classroom time. Time on task – the amount of time actively engaged in assigned learning. Homework – coursework that is assigned to be completed outside classroom attendance, usually at home. Direct instruction – a teacher centered model of instruction that includes high levels of teacher support/scaffolding, ongoing evaluative monitoring with feedback, and strong student-teacher engagement of the material. (Stein 1998) Podcast/vodcast – audio or video/audio files that can be downloaded from the internet for personal use. Literature Justification for Blended/Reverse Instruction Introduction Jonathan Bergmann and Aaron Sams began a movement. They didn’t intend to; they simply responded to the needs of their own classrooms and collaborated on an idea that was initially intended for their absent students. Then it grew into a method that freed them up to be more actively involved with students during their class periods. It involved video recording their lectures for at home use, and practicing the material and assignments with direct instruction and guidance during class time, thus â€Å"flipping†, or reversing, their use of instruction time (Bergmann 2009. The results were so positive that many others are replicating the method across the nation and tech companies are filling the need with products, (see appendix), that go far beyond PowerPoint ® for formatting the lectures they deliver to their students. This concept has been called by a few names: reverse classroom, reverse instruction, flipped classroom, and/or blended instruction, however, the opportunity created by the â€Å"flip† to increase t eacher-student interaction during class time is what characterizes its success (Bergmann 2009). As the use of this concept increases parents, teachers, and administrators are asking for research testing its efficacy. Those who are trying flipped classrooms state that increased learning does not occur just by reversing homework and lecture time alone, but by seizing the opportunity to guide and interact with students more. The technology of vodcasting by itself is not a silver bullet for our educational woes; educators must teach with sound methodology and quality regardless of what medium, or time, they choose to lecture in (Roblyer 2009. ) With that in mind I propose the following research questions about a reverse classroom study: 1. Will more direct instruction increase measurable comprehension of subject matter as reflected in test scores? Studies so far have had promising results, (Stein, Carnine, Dixon 1998), and include mastery of material through formative evaluation before moving on in coursework, (Overmyer 2010), extra use of worked examples, (Carroll 1992), and more use of discussion, (Matthews 2008. ) 2. Will students have greater compliance in homework because is consists of lectures instead of practice? Benefits from homework are directly proportional to how much compliance demonstrated in completing it, (Keith 1982. Homework compliance at Clintondale High in Macomb County, MI increased because a short lecture is easier; applied practice has been less frustrating with support later in class, (Buffenbarger 2011). This model of education changes the character of homework from usually studying alone trying to remember and apply lecture material, to doing the work alongside other students with guidance. At home the student can be prepared to learn through the lecture without the pressure of application until und erstanding of the material is confirmed and supported. This echoes Ecclesiastes 4:9 â€Å"Two are better than one, because they have a good return for their work; if one falls down his friend can pick him up. But pity the man who has no one to help him up! † (New International Version) 3. Will more time on task, due to less lecture time, reduce behavior management issues in reversed classrooms? Clintondale High, again, has shown dramatic reduction in referrals to the office for discipline, (Higgins 2011), in the first year of reversed classrooms and school-wide emphasis on this use of time; â€Å"Students are less frustrated and disruptive in class because there is someone on hand to help one-on-one. (Buffenbarger 2011) Discussion of key terms Blended instruction is really a broad category under which the focus of my proposed study falls. It is not just any use of technology by the school for record keeping or parent communication, although those things support education. This â€Å"blend† is referring to how content is be ing delivered to the student for instruction. When a teacher has students read and respond to material online, they have blended their face to face instruction with computer instruction. When they have delivered an asynchronous lecture or lesson outside of class time, or assigned pre-recorded information by someone else for them to find and view or listen to it is also blended instruction. In extensive meta-analysis it has been found that a combination of both virtual and face to face instruction is likely to be more effective than either one alone, (US Dept. 2008. ) Reverse instruction is a category of blended instruction named according to when virtual content delivery occurs as opposed to when application and practice of the material happens. Rather than using classroom time for content delivery, the instructor uses that time for guiding application and practice, while assigning the lecture/lesson as homework, (Bergmann, 2009). Time on task, not to be confused with mere seatwork, (Siefert 1984), is a term used in this study to refer to active engagement with the content. You read "Literature Justification for Blended/Reverse Instruction" in category "Literature" This can be during collaborative work with fellow students, involvement in discussion, (Matthews 2008), with the instructor as a class, or individually. It can include time used for assessment, lab work, practice, or use of interactive software or textbooks, (Higgins 1992); but it is always referring to the students’ efficacious work with the class content. Homework is any assigned coursework meant to be completed outside of the classroom, usually at home. It is often a topic of study in education because of its impact on grades and tests. (Keith 1982) In recognition of the value of family life, time for friends and the pursuit of personal interests, studies are often focused on how much is needful vs. reating a balance of these things. To keep it minimal and balanced with personal life, other studies attempt to measure which types of homework are the most effective for the amount of time invested in them. (Murphy 1989) Direct instruction is a teacher centered model of instruction â€Å"that integrates effective teaching practices with sophisticated curriculum design, classroom organization and management. † (Stein 1998 ) This includes high levels of teacher support/scaffolding, ongoing evaluative monitoring with feedback, and strong student-teacher engagement of the material. It is the intention of this study to increase this type of instruction as replacement of the reversed lecture time, and in support of more time on task, (above. ) Podcast and vodcast are audio, and video with audio, files that can be downloaded from the internet. They are the most common form of lesson, or lecture time, assigned as homework in the reverse classroom model. (Schaffhauser 2009) These are available in many subjects through YouTube ®, supportive websites like Khan Academy, (see appendix), or can be custom made by each instructor for his or her class. Overmyer 2010) They are made readily available for students via CD, DVD, flash drives, or internet. (Bergmann 2008) Other forms of reverse classroom homework are interactive sites or software made available through the students’ school. Reduced lecture time and increased time on task The educational standard of a lecture-based classroom has received much criticism as our use of technology increases. Prior to the late 1800’s the lecture consisted of reading verbatim text with students taking notes to reproduce the same. As it evolved into personal interpretation of text and uthorship of original ideas, student requirements of recitation in classical education shifted to explaining a synthesis of ideas presented in lectures and textbooks (Freisen 2011). Modern students now grapple with an explosion of sources of information, and so the lecture from their teacher fades into the perspective of one person when there are so many ways to gain the required information of each class. In the information age, lecturing has been proven more effective in brevity (McFeeley Milner 2009) Matthews Farmer 2008). So, what then should the lecture become? Norm Friesen described it eloquently as a much needed bridge to merge information and â€Å"oral communication with writing and newer media technologies. † (2011. ) McFeeley Milner call for it to become kernels of information, â€Å"5 minutes or less,† with time in between to allow students to understand and apply the necessary tools of their subjects (2009. ) The times of understanding and application are what I have already described as time on task, which has been attributed with higher levels of learning and test scores, (Matthews Farmer 2008) (Stein et. al. 1998. ) Homework studies. The short lecture is an ideal assignment for homework. Easily accessed and portable, its length makes it an attainable goal to accomplish as homework. Practice and written assignments, however, vary in time commitment according to each student’s understanding of the material and their ability to complete it. Short lectures are certainly able to increase learning while still respecting the personal time of students and their families, both stated goals in assigning homework. Whether it is given in class or at home, decreasing time for lecture frees up more time for direct instruction from the teacher. Blended learning and the reverse classroom Whether or not to use technology no is longer the question. Technology is such a pervasive part of modern life that it has integrated itself into education. So, in that sense, all classrooms are more or less utilizing blended learning; it is only named â€Å"blended† when it has become intentional as a method for delivering or manipulating the constructs of the lessons. For instructors to fail to include and capitalize on this vast store of information and resources could result in failure to reach this generation of learners. The purpose of the type of reverse classroom that I am proposing is to gain more time for teachers to assist and coordinate learning from a variety of sources; to be more actively involved in each student’s comprehension and feedback. Just replacing ourselves as lecturers by podcast(s) gravely misses the point. Conclusion/Summary The reversed classroom is already happening in schools at increasing rates in both K – 12 and higher education classes. It is proving itself as a viable option for increasing direct instruction time and learning. Only when the at home lectures are too long, or when they are an attempted replacement for teaching without the beneficial increased engagement during class, is student dissatisfaction expressed, or test scores and learning level off or drop. Research would be well invested if it began to decipher which technologies are the most effective for students, and user friendly for instructors in material delivery. While surveys show that many teachers hesitate to utilize technology in their classes, starting out with it outside the classroom is a gentle step towards its use without fearing fumbling around with it in front of a student audience. In fact, teachers of distance education classes have stated that tech-based teaching has improved their overall ability and methods as instructors: â€Å"Findings from a study of teacher perceptions indicate that three quarters of teachers who teach in both virtual and traditional environments felt that virtual experiences improved their practice in face-to-face classrooms. † (Roblyer, et. al. 2009) New studies could help refine which kinds of teacher training will be the most valuable, determine best infrastructure and IT support for schools, and improve parent-teacher communication about tech-based homework. Education has always grown and shifted as culture and technology change. While lectures used to be about preserving the knowledge gains of mankind as â€Å"the task of educational institutions to preserve this vulnerable heritage from one generation to the next,† (Friesen 2011), it grew into a synthesis of information and instruction, and in twenty first century learning it is changing towards teaching skills for students to navigate and utilize the enormous body of information available in our age. The effective use of a reverse classroom model is a natural fit. How to cite Literature Justification for Blended/Reverse Instruction, Essays

Presidential Election Process Essay Example For Students

Presidential Election Process Essay The War on Terror has been a topic of debate since 2001. After the attack on the World Trade Centers, America embarked on a mission to protect our freedom and protect our Nation. There is more than just one side to this story, as is all stories. To America, the war is to ensure we are physically safe from terrorist attacks. To who we are fighting, it can be called a holy war. This is a quote from a speech given by George W. Bush addressing the war, ?Five years into this battle, there is an understandable debate over whether the war was worth fighting, whether the fight is worth winning, and whether we can win it. The answers are clear to me: Removing Saddam Hussein from power was the right decision and this is a fight America can and must win. The men and women who crossed into Iraq five years ago removed a tyrant, liberated a country, and rescued millions from unspeakable horrors. ? I picked this quote because it is what John McCain also believes in. John McCain went on the news show ?The O? Reilly Factor? and stated that we need to finish the war because we are winning and to stop now would be a waste. Senator Obama says he has a plan and McCain does not. I find this an incorrect statement because the plan may take long, but first we need to win in Iraq. I personally feel that making a timeline of the withdrawal of the troops is a bad idea because you are telling the terrorists when it?s safe to take over again and attack America. Also, Barrack Obama states in his piece platform that he will bring home the combat soldiers. The actual amount of combat soldiers is only 1/3 of the army.